For COVID-19 Detection and Epidemiology, xMAP® Technology Offers Unique Advantages

Multiplex serology tests have yielded impressive results, showing promise for use in the COVID-19 pandemic.

For COVID-19 Detection and Epidemiology, xMAP<sup>®</sup> Technology Offers Unique Advantages
xMAP-based serology tests have been widely implemented for the detection of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In the COVID-19 era, xMAP Technology has helped build several new multiplex serology tests designed to detect antibodies to different SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

To demonstrate how these tests may make a difference, we’ve summarized how some xMAP-based serology tests have been used for clinical lab applications, as well as for epidemiology and surveillance.

Providing multiplex results you can rely on

One of the earliest applications of a multiplexed xMAP serological assay involved the screening of HIV antibodies in dried blood spot specimens for early detection of HIV exposure in neonates. Developed by Bellisario et al., this assay was able to simultaneously measure antibodies to three different purified recombinant HIV-1 antigens (p24, gp120, and gp160). The extra specificity of this assay meant it could distinguish 92 previously tested newborn specimens as either HIV-negative or HIV-positive, and was also able to clearly differentiate anti-HIV-1 blood spot controls (zero, low, and high) from the CDC.

In another application, Wu et al. used the xMAP platform to develop a sensitive, rapid, high-throughput multiplexed serological assay for identifying specific IgG antibodies to nine hemorrhagic fever viruses. Performance data with clinical serum samples demonstrated sensitivities of 90.7–98.04% and specificities of >90% for all but two of the viruses.

Waterboer et al. developed a multiplexed serological immunoassay that could simultaneously detect antibodies against 100 in situ affinity–purified recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins. Their assay could measure antibodies at serum dilutions of >1:1,000,000 and demonstrated high reproducibility and excellent concordance with single-plex ELISAs.

Respond to outbreaks with trusted technology

xMAP bead-based serological assays have also been implemented in outbreak situations. Ayouba et al. developed a multiplexed serological assay for the Zaire Ebola virus using nine recombinant proteins. The performance of the assay was evaluated with 94 positive and 108 negative samples, and revealed high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, this high-throughput xMAP assay was extremely cost-effective when compared to the single-plex ELISA ($4 vs. $54 for each sample), and could therefore be easily and economically implemented to screen large sample volumes in an outbreak situation.

In addition to pathogen identification, detection of serological markers can provide additional information to estimate recent and past exposure to the pathogen. xMAP-based multiplex serological assays have been well-established in epidemiology for surveillance purposes.

Customized immunoassays for serosurveillance

To monitor vaccine-preventable diseases, Caboré et al. developed a pentaplex immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis toxins, and other pertussis antigens. Their assay demonstrated good correlation with ELISA, a low intra- and inter-assay variability score, and was successfully implemented for performing large serosurveillance/seroprevalence studies.

O’Hearn et al. developed a similar multiplexed assay to detect IgG antibodies against Lassa, Ebola, Marburg, Rift Valley fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses, as well as pan-assays for flaviviruses and alphaviruses. Their study highlights the importance of surveillance, as the results revealed that in addition to Lassa virus (which is endemic in West Africa), other strains of viruses are also responsible for hemorrhagic fever, but often go undetected, and ultimately, untreated.

Applying xMAP Technology to the COVID-19 pandemic

To aid in the detection of COVID-19, Luminex recently received Emergency Use Authorization for an xMAP-based antibody assay to help identify individuals who were exposed and developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2. The xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay provides highly specific and sensitive results by targeting three different antigens and using an algorithm to determine positivity.

(EUA) – In Vitro Diagnostic Use Under Emergency Use Authorization. This test has not been FDA cleared or approved. This test has been authorized by the FDA under an EUA for use by authorized laboratories.

To learn more about clinical applications of xMAP-based serology tests, check out our recent white paper (luminexcorp.com/?wpdmdl=42265).

Free White Paper: xMAP Technology: A Benchmark for Serological Testing

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How to Reduce Coupling Variability with Luminex Bead Assays

Top 10 tips for a successful coupling process

If you’re designing a new multiplex bead-based assay or adding new targets to an existing xMAP® Technology-based assay, the coupling process required to add a protein or an antibody can seem daunting. We’re here to help!

While the Luminex custom assay development service can help you with coupling, we believe that anyone who knows their way around the lab can perform successful coupling reactions. It is very straightforward, and carefully following the xMAP Cookbook recipes can make all the difference.

If you’ve never performed coupling before, or if you’ve done it in the past and noticed problems, there are a few common issues that can be easily worked through.

Variability is the number one issue to avoid. Let’s say you’re performing a coupling confirmation assay to verify coupling efficiency. If there’s a really low signal, this could indicate an issue with the coupling process. As a general guideline, we recommend 5 micrograms per million beads, but always encourage users to do a titration to check the optimal concentration to put on the bead.

Low signal can also be a sign that there is a reagent quality issue. If you’re using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) that has degraded, you may experience poor coupling efficiency. This is a common problem. Take care of those EDC vials! Be sure to store EDC in the freezer with a desiccant.

Over-vortexing can also cause problems. We recommend that xMAP users vortex and sonicate to make sure the beads are in homogenous suspension, but over-vortexing can lead to clumping, which will affect coupling.

To help you streamline the bead coupling process, here are our top 10 tips for reducing variability:

  1. Microspheres are light-sensitive. There’s no need to couple in the dark, but cover tubes in foil during incubation steps. If exposed to light for too long, the beads will photobleach.
  2. When resuspending the uncoupled beads in the coupling tube, make sure you have vortexed and sonicated the beads. Bead loss is often due to not mixing the beads well.
  3. There is such a thing as too much vortexing and sonicating. Stick to the recommended recipe to avoid bead clumping.
  4. Make sure you are using the tubes specified in the xMAP Cookbook, as tube type can have an impact on coupling efficiency. We recommend:
    1. USA Scientific® (Catalog # 1415-2500), or
    2. Eppendorf™ Protein LoBind (Catalog # 022431081)
  5. Make sure you have an appropriate magnet for the tube type containing your beads. The right kind will pull the beads to one side, not split them between both sides, or leave beads floating in the tube.
  6. Magnets can lose magnetism if not taken care of properly (e.g., do not store magnets on top of each other).
  7. Embrace single-use 10 mg EDC vials. Bulk EDC is hygroscopic, so it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Over time, the EDC degrades, which greatly diminishes coupling efficiency.
  8. When performing wash steps, make sure you place the beads on the magnet for at least 30 to 60 seconds for typical couplings. For large-scale coupling, visually check to ensure beads have been pulled. If they haven’t, wait an additional 30 to 60 seconds.
  9. When washing and aspirating beads, be careful not to disturb the beads to avoid having them stick to the transfer pipette.
  10. If using automation, check bead recovery before and after coupling. Ensure automation is optimally set up to avoid significant bead loss.

Please feel free to reach out with any questions. We’re confident that you can master the science of bead coupling!

Learn how LuminexPLORE can help your lab!

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Webinar: Mount Sinai Scientists Design Multiplex COVID-19 Antibody Test

Implementing xMAP® Technology allows for faster, more accurate results

When the global outbreak hit the US, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City published some of the earliest COVID-19 studies in the US. It’s no surprise then that scientists at Mount Sinai were among the first to develop an antibody test. Using xMAP® Technology to design this test allowed them to make the most of its high-throughput multiplexing capabilities, fast results, and low sample input requirements.

This antibody test was the focus of a recent LabRoots webinar presented by Dr. Susan Zolla-Pazner, a Professor of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Developed by Dr. Zolla-Pazner’s team, the assay targets two SARS-CoV-2 antigens—the full spike protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD)—and uses two bead sets, each designed to bind to antibodies associated with one of these antigens. In the webinar, they presented the results from their validation study, which demonstrated that their test could provide robust signals for both antigens from plasma and serum using positive and negative COVID-19 samples.

Compared to ELISAs, this xMAP-based antibody test had significantly higher sensitivity—in some cases five to ten times higher. ELISA-based testing also led to more false negative results than the multiplex assay, according to Dr. Zolla-Pazner.

The webinar also discussed additional advantages of the xMAP assay, including:

  • xMAP beads can be coated with antigen ahead of time and stored for at least a month, making preparation more convenient and efficient.
  • Luminex beads require 20-fold less antigen compared to ELISAs, resulting in significant cost savings.
  • The xMAP assay delivers results for both spike and RBD antibodies in less than two hours, while ELISA plates can only detect one antibody at a time, and the complete workflow from prep to results for ELISAs takes two days.

Dr. Zolla-Pazner also shared results from additional studies that were enabled by the multiplex assay. For example, she showed that it was possible to track rising antibody levels over time by testing longitudinal specimens from the same patient, which will be extremely useful for characterizing the long-term immune response to COVID-19. Using the same method from her team’s original xMAP assay, she analyzed isotyping data to investigate differences in the IgG and IgM immune response. These results could inform donor selection for convalescent plasma therapy.

Watch the entire webinar here, or view Luminex’s COVID-19 testing resources here.

Watch the entire presentation with Dr. Zolla-Pazner.

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xMAP® Technology Users Battle COVID-19 with New Serology Assays

Designed and built by researchers around the world, xMAP® assays shine light on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2.

xMAP<sup>®</sup> Technology Users Battle COVID-19 with New Serology Assays

Our xMAP® Technology empowers researchers to build their own assays quickly, creatively, and effectively. Designed and built by researchers around the world, xMAP® assays shine light on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. If you haven’t seen the studies, they are well worth your time. Here, we provide a quick overview of some of the latest studies using xMAP to address the pandemic.

Identifying SARS-CoV-2 patients who have seroconverted.

Weiss et al. developed an xMAP serological assay and used it to assess the presence of antibodies for two SARS-CoV-2 proteins in sera from COVID-19 infected and uninfected individuals. This assay is critical because it can identify patients who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and have seroconverted, which will help characterize the immune response to the disease.

Similarly, Randad et al. developed an xMAP-based ten-plex SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay for detecting salivary antibodies that demonstrated significant correlation with serum sample results. The assay had 100% sensitivity and specificity for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Dobaño et al. developed quantitative, xMAP-based multiplex assays for detecting IgG, IgM, and IgA against a panel of eight SARS-CoV-2 antigens. For the best-performing combination of Ig-isotypes and antigens, the assay demonstrated 100% specificity for SARS-CoV-2. Sensitivity was 94.94% for positive samples collected at ≥14 days following the onset of symptoms, and 96.08% for those collected at ≥21 days.

Additionally, the Wadsworth Center of the New York Department of Health developed an xMAP-based serological assay for the detection of total antibody (IgG, IgM, and IgA) to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum, which received Emergency Use Authorization from the Food and Drug Administration. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 98.8%, and was implemented to detect reactive and non-reactive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Flexible solutions to complex problems

If a ready-to-use solution works better for your workflow, Luminex was recently granted Emergency Use Authorization for our xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay, which is a multiplex, highly sensitive and specific assay that detects the presence or absence of antibodies against three different SARS-CoV-2 antigens. By using multiple antigens, this assay may provide earlier, more sensitive results.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues with a daily emergence of new cases, so the implementation of serological testing, in addition to nucleic acid tests, is increasingly important to understanding the pathology and impact of COVID-19. xMAP Technology is the established benchmark for running multiplex serology tests, and is actively being employed by academic research labs and healthcare facilities to help diagnose COVID-19, profile the immune response, support vaccine and therapeutic development, and much more.

Free White Paper: xMAP Technology: A Benchmark for Serological Testing

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Luminex Supports New Award for Scientific Contributions to Cytokine and Interferon Biology

At Luminex, we believe in the value of recognizing excellence, which is why we are excited to support a new award through the International Cytokine & Interferon Society.

The ICIS-LUMINEX John R. Kettman Award for Excellence in Interferon & Cytokine Research will be given to a mid-career investigator who has made exceptional contributions to the field of interferon or cytokine biology.

The awardee will receive a cash prize of $5,000 to cover ICIS meeting registration, and travel support if needed, to present their research in an award seminar. The submission deadline is September 15, 2020, so if you know someone who would be a good fit for this award, please submit a nomination. Entrants will be considered based on their publications, discoveries, and collective contributions to interferon or cytokine biology.

The award is named after John Kettman—better known as Jack—one of Luminex’s co-founders. He is an accomplished immunologist who served as a faculty member at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School for nearly 30 years, and continues his work there through a professor emeritus appointment. Dr. Kettman has published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Through this award, we are pleased to honor the remarkable immunology career of one of our founders, by supporting the accomplishments of up-and-coming scientists in the field. Good luck to all of the candidates!

Learn more about past winners here!

Past Award Winners >>

Precision Coupling with Molar Amounts of Protein

Precision coupling is useful for multiplex antibody assays, screening recombinant antibodies, and more!

I’ve been getting a lot of requests lately to provide more information on the molar coupling method. If you’ve been wondering how it works, here’s a quick look at how to incorporate molar coupling into your assay development.

When coupling whole immunoglobulins or antibody fragments for sandwich capture assays, coupling μg amounts of protein per million beads is the best way to optimize the amount of antibody needed to develop the most sensitive assay. However, to develop a multiplex assay for antibody titer or antigen specificity determination, it is best to couple antigens with the same moles per million beads. This is especially true when unrelated antigens of different molecular weights show some degree of cross-reactivity. By coupling with moles of protein per million beads, this promotes coupling the same number of molecules to bead surfaces, regardless of the protein’s molecular weight. For example, when coupling 1 μg per million beads of a 20 kDa protein and 1 μg of a 40kDa protein, the smaller protein will have twice as many molecules on the beads’ surface. This makes the signal a function of the number of molecules on the bead surface rather than reflecting antibody specificity.

To measure the effect molar coupling can have on determining antibody specificity, six antigens ranging in molecular weight from 24 kDa to 36.25 kDa were coupled at three different μg per million beads or pmol per million beads coating levels. Differences in signal were determined with 50X diluted sera specific for antigen D (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Comparison of Signal for Antigen D-Specific Sera with μg vs. Molar-Coupled Beads.

Precision Coupling with Molar Amounts of Protein

Beads coupled with 5 μg, 2.5 μg, and 1.25 μg/million beads showed good signal for antigen D as expected, but also high titers for several of the other unrelated antigens. By coupling at 20 pmol, 10 pmol, and 1 pmol, the specific titer for antigen D was significantly higher than the non-specific signal, which was decreased in comparison.

This coupling approach is also useful for screening recombinant antibodies for specificity, as well as for some protein-protein interaction assays. Excel-based workbooks for calculating how to prepare your protein stocks for standard coupling to beads or binding to MagPlex®-Avidin beads are available from your Field Application Scientist (FAS). Reach out to your FAS about how to use these tools, or for more information about molar coupling using xMAP® Technology.

Stephen Angeloni, PhD, is a Senior Field Application Scientist at Luminex.

Learn more about xMAP Technology here.

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Webinar: A Multiplex Serology Test for Detecting COVID-19 Antibodies in Dried Blood Spots

Rush University Medical Center develops a highly accurate test that can be used with dried blood spot samples.

In a recent LabRoots webinar, Dr. Imad Tarhoni from Rush University Medical Center in Chicago offered a look at how his team developed a multiplex serological assay that they believe could be the cornerstone to a large-scale national COVID-19 testing strategy. They built the assay using xMAP® Technology to take advantage of its strong performance and multiplexing capabilities.

In his presentation, Tarhoni noted that large-scale community testing will be essential for controlling the pandemic, particularly because so many infected individuals never exhibit symptoms. Nucleic acid testing for viral RNA, while effective, is only useful for a short period of time after infection. That’s why Tarhoni believes that serological assays, which can detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus after infection, will be so important for population-scale testing.

This kind of testing has been limited thus far because until recently, existing COVID-19 serology tests weren’t sensitive or specific enough to avoid false negative or false positive results.

To address this problem, Tarhoni and his team used xMAP Technology to develop a new serology assay for COVID-19—one that would take advantage of its multiplexing capabilities by incorporating four viral antigens, ensuring the most accurate results possible. Whether a person has developed antibodies to the virus’s spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, or envelope protein, this test can detect a true positive result.

The scientists conjugated all four antigens onto xMAP beads and optimized the assay for linearity, detection limits, precision, cross-reactivity, and more. Next, they dove into validation studies to ensure that the assay delivered reliable results using dried blood spot samples, which would be the most useful sample type for a nationwide testing strategy. In addition to confirming the utility of dried blood spots, they also demonstrated strong results from 384-well microtiter plates, which will be needed for any high-throughput approach. Importantly, by reducing the antibody capture incubation step, they brought the turnaround time down to less than four hours, with no loss in assay performance.

For clinical validation, the team launched a number of studies encompassing more than 1,000 samples from control populations and COVID-19-positive populations. The final review, including 1,178 cases collected at least six days after infection, demonstrated an assay sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 99.6%, and accuracy of 99.6%. “That is outstanding performance compared to other tests,” Tarhoni said.

He noted that the ability to test dried blood spot samples—which could be collected at home and mailed to labs for analysis—provides a convenient, cost-effective means of testing large groups of people. Information gathered from such testing could guide policy decisions about when to stay home and when it’s safe to return to work. It would also be important for evaluating plasma in blood banks for use in convalescent plasma therapy, monitoring vaccine efficacy, and epidemiological surveillance.

For more information about how their test was developed, view the entire presentation here.

To learn how their test was developed, view the full webinar.

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Coming Soon: A New Multiplex Serology Test for SARS-CoV-2

Luminex Partner Tetracore designed a serology assay for SARS-CoV-2 using xMAP® Technology.

Coming Soon: A New Multiplex Serology Test for SARS-CoV-2

A new multiplex serology test to determine whether someone has been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus is coming soon, thanks to assay developer Tetracore. The company—one of Luminex’s research partners—developed this test based on our xMAP Technology. We spoke with Tetracore Senior Scientist Neeraja Venkateswaran to learn more about the test and how it can help fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

Q: Many SARS-CoV-2 serology tests in development focus on one antibody. Why was it important to your team to take a multiplex approach?

A: It’s based on our experience with infectious disease testing. When Zika happened, we saw that an ELISA-based serology test had high cross-reactivity with dengue fever. This is always an issue when looking at only one antigen at a time. At the time, we used the Luminex platform to develop a very complex panel with several different antigens to detect whether a patient was positive for dengue or for Zika.

Q: What did you learn from the multiplex Zika test?

A: When the dust settled from that outbreak, we realized that there was a problem with the single ELISA assay. All of these RNA viruses have many conserved domains. Since dengue and Zika looked similar to the immune system, we saw that patients who had been previously infected with dengue and were exposed with Zika began producing the old dengue antibodies at first, because that’s the body’s response when it recognizes some of those conserved domains.

Q: How did that inform your approach to testing for SARS-CoV-2?

A: The moment that SARS-CoV-2 hit, we thought that people who had been exposed to the original SARS virus and now got the new virus would start making antibodies for SARS first, because their immune system would remember that. We knew that a serology test would have to be able to distinguish between SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2—this is why a multiplex test is so important. We immediately began screening antigens available for SARS, and now we have created a test that successfully discriminates between SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2.

Q: With so many molecular assays for SARS-CoV-2 now available, what’s the role of a serology test?

A: Serology tests tell us who’s been exposed, including people who were asymptomatic or who had symptoms but missed the window for molecular testing. Detecting a robust IgG response could identify people who are safe to go back to work. Serology is also very important for understanding the epidemiology of disease, determining whether we have developed herd immunity, and conducting routine surveillance. Once there are vaccines ready for testing, we will need to see the human immune response to them—serology can be applied for that, too.

Q: Why did you choose the xMAP® platform for your multiplex tests?

A: I have been working with the xMAP platform for years. Once you use xMAP Technology, you don’t ever want to do an ELISA again. We don’t test for a single target when we do nucleic acid testing, and I believe we should look for more than one antigen for any pathogen. Luminex gives me the ability to do that. It also lets me put an internal control into every single reaction, which can’t be done with ELISA testing.

Interested in learning more about Luminex’s SARS-CoV-2 testing solutions? Check out our website.

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The Versatility of Multiplex Antibody Titer Assays for COVID-19 and Beyond

The COVID-19 outbreak that began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 was marked by an increase in the number of cases showing pneumonia-like symptoms.1,2

It was not until about a month after the outbreak began that genomic analysis identified a novel coronavirus as the causative agent. With the emergence of new pathogen strains, genomic assays are not always able to detect new variants, and after an infection, may not be able to identify which pathogens were involved. However, with serological assays that pick up polyclonal antibody responses, the conservation of epitopes—even with new variants—make it possible to identify the different pathogens circulating in an epidemic.

While genomic tests can be modified to distinguish between different pathogen strains once they are identified, the identification of causative agents during and post- epidemics can be better determined with serological assays. This would be especially useful when screening patients for COVID-19, which presents with flu- or pneumonia-like symptoms—similar to infections caused by other respiratory pathogens.3-5 An assay that can determine which pathogens are eliciting immune responses in patient populations would provide significant value for triaging patients into appropriate treatment categories. Post-pandemic, this type of serological assay could not only more precisely identify the causative pathogens that have passed through, or are still passing through a population, it could also monitor the pathogens involved in second waves of infection.

With Luminex’s xMAP® bead-based platforms, multiplex serological assays can be developed for this type of immune surveillance of different pathogens, as well as for vaccine testing and developing immune therapies.6-10 The process of coupling antigens to Luminex beads is simple and can be completed in a few hours. By multiplexing, an assay that could distinguish antibody titers of a number of different pathogens in a single reaction with very small sample volumes would enable clinicians to determine the causative pathogen(s) of a patient’s illness within a few hours.

These types of multiplex immune surveillance assays would be beneficial for other diseases with similar clinical symptoms as well. Examples include hemorrhagic fevers that are caused by viruses from several viral families, as well as chronic fatigue syndromes, which can be caused by a number of different viral, bacterial, and microbial pathogens—to name a few.11,12

With its multiplexing ability to measure antibody titers to multiple antigens in one reaction, Luminex xMAP® Technology provides the ideal platform for building these types of multiplex serological assays. For more information on Luminex assay development, download the xMAP® Cookbook. Luminex also offers custom assay development services through LuminexPLORE Lab.

For genomic assay screening, Luminex has several platforms that can screen for multiple pathogens involved in both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, in addition to food safety applications. Information about Luminex diagnostic assays can be found on our webpage.

Stephen Angeloni, PhD, is a Senior Field Application Scientist at Luminex Corporation.

References

  1. Dong E, Du H, and Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. The Lancet Correspondence. February 2020.
  2. Ding Q, Lu P, Fan Y, et al. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25781.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Causes of Pneumonia. March 2020. Accessed March 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/causes.html.
  4. The World Health Organization. Pneumonia Fact Sheet. August 2019. Accessed March 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia.
  5. The Mayo Clinic. Pneumonia. March 2018. Accessed March 2020. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204.
  6. Khaliq A, Ravindran R, Hussainy S, et al. Field evaluation of a blood based test for active tuberculosis in endemic settings. Plos One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173359.
  7. Trivedi S, Miao C, Sanchez J, et al. Development and Evaluation of a Multiplexed Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Serum IgG Antibodies to Six Human Coronaviruses. Scientific Reports. February 2019.
  8. Elberse K, de Greef S, Wattimena N, et al. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against 13 vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in the Netherlands. Vaccine Volume 29, Issue 5, 29 January 2011, Pages 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.054.
  9. Opalka D, Lachman C, MacMullen S, et al. Simultaneous Quantitation of Antibodies to Neutralizing Epitopes on Virus-Like Particles for Human Papillomavirus Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 by a Multiplexed Luminex Assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003 Jan; 10(1): 108–115. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.10.1.108-115.2003.
  10. Berglund J, Vink P, Tavares Da Silva F, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence following an investigational Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae triple-protein vaccine in a phase 1 randomized controlled study in healthy adults. lin Vaccine Immunol. 2014 Jan;21(1):56-65. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00430-13.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). January 2014. Accessed March 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/index.html.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. July 2018. Accessed March 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/possible-causes.html.

Learn more about our xMAP COVID-19 offering here.

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xMAP® Connect Virtual Conference – Inspiring Multiplexing Innovation

® Connect Virtual Conference” href=”https://www.labroots.com/ms/virtual-event/xmap-connect?campaign=LRblog” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener noreferrer”>xMAP® Connect Virtual Conference, hosted online this year by LabRoots. The goal of this conference is to connect fellow xMAP enthusiasts and provide best practices for multiplex assays, virtually from anywhere in the world.

Luminex’s

During this virtual program, you will hear from 20+ multiplex experts about how they’ve developed, validated, and optimized their xMAP-based methods. You can also explore the virtual poster and exhibit hall to gain insights from industry experts, or visit Luminex Partner booths to learn more about xMAP-based multiplexing solutions.

The xMAP Connect Virtual Conference is free to attend and will remain open through April 2021. For more information about the event, speakers, poster hall, and exhibit hall, or to register, click

Download the xMAP Connect Virtual Conference here.

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